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PCSWMM 2D URBAN FLOOD MODELING FREE
Qasim (2013) simulated free flow over the broad-crested single-step weir using HEC-RAS 1D. Simulated flows were closely matched with the observed data.
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(2011) employed HEC-RAS for the lower Tapi River to simulate the flow for 1998, 2003, and 2006. (2009) applied Qual2 K with HEC-RAS 1D for assessing the water quality of a tidal river, northern Taiwan, and the models exhibited good agreement. Water depths on the left and right banks were 3.7 and 3.1 m for a 50-year RP, which could be used as the basis for designing flood protection structures. They employed geographic information systems (GIS), statistical approaches, and Hydrologic Engineering Center's-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) for evolving three FH maps having different return periods (RPs). Mosquera-Machado & Ahmad (2007) evaluated flood hazard (FH) for Atrato River, Quibdó, northwest Colombia. Hence, flood depth levels around buildings and flood inundation maps can be used to identify locations where buildings require more maintenance than usual. For example, high flood depth in uninhabited areas does not cause much damage to infrastructure compared to buildings with low to medium flood depth. However, flood depth alone does not serve the purpose while analyzing the infrastructural damage. This makes flood depth analysis a distinct necessity. The higher the flood depth, the more risk of damage to ecology, roads, buildings, and infrastructure.
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Risk estimation can be quantified on flood depth ( Rangari et al. Flood depth varies from location to location based on the terrain–rainfall interaction. However, it does not provide information about the water depth above the ground level. The area under submergence is the extent of inundation in terms of the percentage of area occupied. The most important parameters for developing building risk maps are elevated terrain levels, contour maps, and corresponding submerged areas. It is observed that the effect of adaptation strategies is significant. The capital investment required for FP to achieve the ideal situation of no risk for all buildings (strategy S6) works out to Rs. Six flood proofing (FP) strategies (S1–S6) are proposed for attenuating building risk along with the required capital cost. Percentages of buildings in GHMC under high, medium, and low risks for RCP 6.0 are 38.19, 9.91, and 51.9% in the respective order, and these are 40.82, 10.55, and 48.63% for RCP 8.5. Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), India, is chosen for demonstration.
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A framework is proposed where a hydraulic model, Hydrologic Engineering Center's-River Analysis System 2D (HEC-RAS 2D), is applied for 2-dimensional flood modeling to estimate (a) submerged areas, (b) flood depth, and (c) building risk for extreme events corresponding to two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 6.0 and 8.5. The present study aims to assess flood depth, building risk analysis, and the effectiveness of various flood adaptation strategies to attenuate building risk caused by urban floods in climate change scenarios.